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HomeBlogAnbau von Opium in Afghanistan geht 2025 zurück und verändert regionale Produktions-...
epaselect epa10845166 An Afghani official throws petrol before burning narcotics and illegal substances during a ceremony in Kandahar, Afghanistan, 06 September 2023. Taliban authorities under the anti-narcotics management of the Security Command in Kandahar destroyed 29,385 kgs of various narcotics. Taliban leader Sheikh Haibatullah Akhund oversaw the disposal of 12 types of drugs at the Kandahar Police Headquarters, including 260 kg of heroin, 182 kg of glass drug, 1,776 kg of hashish, 108 kg of morphine, 4.66 kg of tablets and 635 liters of alcoholic beverages among other items. EPA/STRINGER
WIEN/KABUL, 6. November (UN-Informationsdienst) – Der Anbau von Schlafmohn in Afghanistan ist im Jahr 2025 im Vergleich zum Vorjahr um 20 Prozent zurückgegangen, wie aus einer neuen Erhebung des Büros der Vereinten Nationen für Drogen- und Verbrechensbekämpfung (UNODC) hervorgeht. Dieser starke Rückgang deutet zusammen mit Marktindikatoren darauf hin, dass sich Opiumproduktion und -schmuggel in der Region erheblich verändern.
Die gesamte mit Schlafmohn bepflanzte Fläche wurde für 2025 auf 10.200 Hektar geschätzt, 20 Prozent weniger als 2024 (12.800 Hektar) und nur ein Bruchteil des Niveaus vor dem Verbot im Jahr 2022, als schätzungsweise 232.000 Hektar landesweit bewirtschaftet wurden.
Dementsprechend ist auch die Opiumproduktion 2025 zurückgegangen, und zwar sogar stärker als die Anbaufläche. Sie sank im Vergleich zu 2024 um 32 Prozent auf eine geschätzte Gesamtmenge von 296 Tonnen.
Das Einkommen der Bauern aus dem Opiumverkauf sank von 260 Millionen US-Dollar im Jahr 2024 um 48 Prozent auf 134 Millionen US-Dollar im Jahr 2025. Nach dem Verbot stellten viele Bauern auf den Anbau von Getreide und anderen Nutzpflanzen um. Verschlechterte Wetterbedingungen wie Dürren oder geringe Niederschläge führten jedoch dazu, dass über 40 Prozent der Ackerflächen brach lagen.
Gleichzeitig hat die Rückkehr von etwa vier Millionen Afghanen aus Nachbarländern, die inzwischen etwa 10 Prozent der Landesbevölkerung ausmachen, den Wettbewerb um knappe Arbeitsplätze und Ressourcen verschärft. All diese Faktoren, gepaart mit Kürzungen der humanitären Hilfe, könnten den Schlafmohnanbau wieder attraktiver machen.
„Afghanistans Weg zur Überwindung des illegalen Pflanzenanbaus erfordert koordinierte, langfristige Investitionen, auch durch internationale Partnerschaften. Es geht darum, gleichermaßen darauf zu achten, afghanische Bauern durch alternative einkommensschaffende Maßnahmen zu befähigen, illegale Pflanzen auszumerzen und dem Drogenhandel entgegenzuwirken, während die Nachfrage durch verstärkte Prävention und Behandlung verringert wird“, sagte Oliver Stolpe, UNODC-Regionalvertreter für Afghanistan, Zentralasien, Iran und Pakistan (ROCA).
Der Preis für trockenes Opium fiel 2025 um 27 Prozent auf 570 US-Dollar gegenüber 780 US-Dollar im Jahr 2024, liegt aber immer noch fünfmal höher als der Durchschnittspreis vor dem Verbot.
Die Preissenkung für Opium zusammen mit einem Produktionsrückgang deutet auf eine Verschiebung der Marktdynamik hin und könnte zu einem Anstieg der Versuche führen, in anderen Ländern illegales Opium anzubauen. Anbaudaten zusammen mit Preisen und Beschlagnahmen deuten auf grundlegende Veränderungen in den Drogenmärkten und im Schmuggel in und um Afghanistan hin.
„Das Drogenproblem Afghanistans beschränkt sich nicht auf seine Grenzen. Die Dynamik von Angebot, Nachfrage und Schmuggel betrifft sowohl afghanische als auch internationale Akteure. Die Bewältigung dieser Herausforderung erfordert eine Zusammenarbeit der wichtigsten Interessengruppen. Die Arbeitsgruppe zur Drogenbekämpfung im Rahmen des Doha-Prozesses – die als eine entscheidende Plattform für den Engagement zwischen den de-facto-Behörden Afghanistans und der internationalen Gemeinschaft dient – ist unerlässlich, um gemeinsame Lösungen zu entwickeln“, sagte Georgette Gagnon, Stellvertretende Sondervertreterin des Generalsekretärs für Afghanistan und Leiterin der UNAMA.
Produktion und Handel mit synthetischen Drogen, insbesondere Methamphetamin, nehmen seit dem Verbot weiter zu. Die Beschlagnahmen in und um Afghanistan waren Ende 2024 im Vergleich zum dritten Quartal 2023 etwa 50 Prozent häufiger.
Während die landwirtschaftliche Opiatproduktion zurückgeht, scheinen synthetische Drogen aufgrund der relativen Leichtigkeit der Herstellung, der größeren Schwierigkeit der Aufspürung und der relativen Widerstandsfähigkeit gegenüber Klimaveränderungen zum neuen Geschäftsmodell für organisierte Kriminalitätsgruppen geworden zu sein. Die Strategien zur Drogenbekämpfung müssen sich daher über Opium hinaus erweitern, um synthetische Drogen in die Überwachung, Abfangmaßnahmen, Analysen sowie die Nachfragereduzierung einzubeziehen.
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